29,381 research outputs found
Non-analytic curvature contributions to solvation free energies: influence of drying
We investigate the solvation of a hard spherical cavity, of radius ,
immersed in a fluid for which the interparticle forces are short ranged. For
thermodynamic states lying close to the liquid binodal, where the chemical
potential deviation is very small and
positive, complete wetting by gas (drying) occurs and two regimes of
interfacial behavior can be identified. These are characterized by the length
scale , where
is the planar gas-liquid surface tension and
is the difference in coexisting densities at temperature . For , the
interfacial free energy and the density profile of the fluid near the hard wall
can be expanded in powers of the curvature , in keeping with the
analysis of Stillinger and Cotter, J. Chem. Phys. {\bf 55}, 3449 (1971). In the
other regime, , the interfacial free energy and its derivatives acquire
terms depending on . Since can be made arbitrarily small this
implies non-analytic behavior, as , of the work of formation of a
hard spherical cavity and of the Gibbs adsorption and the fluid density at
contact with the wall. Our analysis, which is based on an effective interfacial
Hamiltonian combined with exact statistical mechanical sum rules, is confirmed
fully by the results of microscopic density functional calculations for a
square-well fluid.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures; accepted for publication in J. Chem. Phy
Gas chromatograph injection system
An injection system for a gas chromatograph is described which uses a small injector chamber (available in various configurations). The sample is placed in the chamber while the chamber is not under pressure and is not heated, and there is no chance of leakage caused by either pressure or heat. It is injected into the apparatus by changing the position of a valve and heating the chamber, and is volatilized and swept by a carrier gas into the analysis apparatus
Theory of CW lidar aerosol backscatter measurements and development of a 2.1 microns solid-state pulsed laser radar for aerosol backscatter profiling
The performance and calibration of a focused, continuous wave, coherent detection CO2 lidar operated for the measurement of atmospheric backscatter coefficient, B(m), was examined. This instrument functions by transmitting infrared (10 micron) light into the atmosphere and collecting the light which is scattered in the rearward direction. Two distinct modes of operation were considered. In volume mode, the scattered light energy from many aerosols is detected simultaneously, whereas in the single particle mode (SPM), the scattered light energy from a single aerosol is detected. The analysis considered possible sources of error for each of these two cases, and also considered the conditions where each technique would have superior performance. The analysis showed that, within reasonable assumptions, the value of B(m) could be accurately measured by either the VM or the SPM method. The understanding of the theory developed during the analysis was also applied to a pulsed CO2 lidar. Preliminary results of field testing of a solid state 2 micron lidar using a CW oscillator is included
Cytokine gene polymorphisms in preterm infants with necrotising enterocolitis: genetic association study
BACKGROUND The inflammatory cytokine cascade is implicated in the pathogenesis of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). Genetic association studies of cytokine polymorphisms may help to detect molecular mechanisms that are causally related to the disease process. AIM To examine associations between the common genetic variants in candidate inflammatory cytokine genes and NEC in preterm infants. METHODS Multi-centre case-control and genetic association study. DNA samples were collected from 50 preterm infants with NEC and 50 controls matched for gestational age and ethnic group recruited to a multi-centre case-control study. Ten candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokines previously associated with infectious or inflammatory diseases were genotyped. The findings were included in random-effects meta-analyses with data from previous genetic association studies. RESULTS All allele distributions were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. None of the studied cytokine polymorphisms was significantly associated with NEC. Four previous genetic association studies of cytokine polymorphisms and NEC in preterm infants were found. Meta-analyses were possible for several single-nucleotide polymorphisms. These increased the precision of the estimates of effect size but did not reveal any significant associations. CONCLUSIONS The available data are not consistent with more than modest associations between these candidate cytokine variant alleles and NEC in preterm infants. Data from future association studies of these polymorphisms may be added to the meta-analyses to obtain more precise estimates of effects sizes.The study was funded by Tenovus (Scotland)
Optical properties of Mn4+ ions in GaN:Mn codoped with Mg acceptors
The optical properties of Mn-Mg codoped epitaxial GaN were studied. Addition
of Mg acceptors quenches the weak manganese-related photoluminescence (PL) band
at 1.3 eV in GaN:Mn and a series of sharp PL peaks are observed at 1 eV in
codoped epilayers. The change in PL spectra indicates that Mg addition
stabilizes the Mn4+ charge state by decreasing the Fermi level. The 1 eV PL
peaks are tentatively attributed to intra center transitions involving Mn4+
ions. Spin allowed 3d-shell 4T2-4T1 transitions and their phonon replicas are
involved. The relative intensities of the sharp peaks are strongly dependent on
the excitation wavelength, indicating the optically active Mn4+ centers
involved in the separate peaks are different. The temperature dependence of the
PL spectrum suggests the presence of at least three distinct Mn4+ complex
centers.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, accepted by Appl. Phys. Let
An extended model of the quantum free-electron laser
Previous models of the quantum regime of operation of the Free Electron Laser
(QFEL) have performed an averaging and the application of periodic boundary
conditions to the coupled Maxwell - Schrodinger equations over short, resonant
wavelength intervals of the interaction. Here, an extended, one-dimensional
model of the QFEL interaction is presented in the absence of any such averaging
or application of periodic boundary conditions, the absence of the latter
allowing electron diffusion processes to be modeled throughout the pulse. The
model is used to investigate how both the steady-state (CW) and pulsed regimes
of QFEL operation are affected. In the steady-state regime it is found that the
electrons are confined to evolve as a 2-level system, similar to the previous
QFEL models. In the pulsed regime Coherent Spontaneous Emission (CSE) due to
the shape of the electron pulse current distribution is shown to be present in
the QFEL regime for the first time. However, unlike the classical case, CSE in
the QFEL is damped by the effects of quantum diffusion of the electron
wavefunction. Electron recoil from the QFEL interaction can also cause a
diffusive drift between the recoiled and non-recoiled parts of the electron
pulse wavefunction, effectively removing the recoiled part from the primary
electron-radiation interaction.Comment: Submitted to Optics Expres
Struggling to a monumental triumph : Re-assessing the final stages of the smallpox eradication program in India, 1960-1980
The global smallpox program is generally presented as the brainchild of a handful of actors from the WHO headquarters in Geneva and at the agency's regional offices. This article attempts to present a more complex description of the drive to eradicate smallpox. Based on the example of India, a major focus of the campaign, it is argued that historians and public health officials should recognize the varying roles played by a much wider range of participants. Highlighting the significance of both Indian and international field officials, the author shows how bureaucrats and politicians at different levels of administration and society managed to strengthen—yet sometimes weaken—important program components. Centrally dictated strategies developed at WHO offices in Geneva and New Delhi, often in association with Indian federal authorities, were reinterpreted by many actors and sometimes changed beyond recognition
Design evolution of the orbiter reaction control subsystem
The challenges of space shuttle orbiter reaction control subsystem development began with selection of the propellant for the subsystem. Various concepts were evaluated before the current Earth storable, bipropellant combination was selected. Once that task was accomplished, additional challenges of designing the system to satisfy the wide range of requirements dictated by operating environments, reusability, and long life were met. Verification of system adequacy was achieved by means of a combination of analysis and test. The studies, the design efforts, and the test and analysis techniques employed in meeting the challenges are described
Is there Ornstein-Zernike equation in the canonical ensemble?
A general density-functional formalism using an extended variable-space is
presented for classical fluids in the canonical ensemble (CE). An exact
equation is derived that plays the role of the Ornstein-Zernike (OZ) equation
in the grand canonical ensemble (GCE). When applied to the ideal gas we obtain
the exact result for the total correlation function h_N. For a homogeneous
fluid with N particles the new equation only differs from OZ by 1/N and it
allows to obtain an approximate expression for h_N in terms of its GCE
counterpart that agrees with the expansion of h_N in powers of 1/N.Comment: 5 pages, RevTeX. Submitted to Phys. Rev. Let
Perceptual bias, more than age, impacts on eye movements during face processing
Consistent with the right hemispheric dominance for face processing, a left perceptual bias (LPB) is typically demonstrated by younger adults viewing faces and a left eye movement bias has also been revealed. Hemispheric asymmetry is predicted to reduce with age and older adults have demonstrated a weaker LPB, particularly when viewing time is restricted. What is currently unclear is whether age also weakens the left eye movement bias. Additionally, a right perceptual bias (RPB) for facial judgments has less frequently been demonstrated, but whether this is accompanied by a right eye movement bias has not been investigated. To address these issues older and younger adults’ eye movements and gender judgments of chimeric faces were recorded in two time conditions. Age did not significantly weaken the LPB or eye movement bias; both groups looked initially to the left side of the face and made more fixations when the gender judgment was based on the left side. A positive association was found between LPB and initial saccades in the freeview condition and with all eye movements (initial saccades, number and duration of fixations) when time was restricted. The accompanying eye movement bias revealed by LPB participants contrasted with RPB participants who demonstrated no eye movement bias in either time condition. Consequently, increased age is not clearly associated with weakened perceptual and eye movement biases. Instead an eye movement bias accompanies an LPB (particularly under restricted viewing time conditions) but not an RPB
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